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Accordingly, the mutants formed only rudiments of structures such as the craniofacial skeleton that originates from the neural crest cells (Fig. 4E).
Both cheR1 transposon mutants formed only small diameter swim rings in contrast to the diffuse large diameter swim rings observed in the wild-type control and the complemented mutant strains.
These three mutants formed only Zip1 foci or few incomplete SCs.
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Consistently, when equivalent proportions of the treated cultures were incubated for 7 days on rich media plates, the mutant formed only 0.001% of the wild type colonies arising from the germinating spores.
Moreover, other studies using streptococcal mutants reported that pili formed only by the major pilin subunit had diminished adhesive capacities compared to their respective parental strains [31], [39].
In contrast, 80% of smc-5 (ok2421 ); div-1 (or148 ) double mutants developed no or formed only disrupted germlines even in the absence of exogenous DNA damage.
Sperms, however, formed only in 2 of the 9 bub-1 mutant animals observed by DAPI staining (Figure 5D).
The C4572S/H4583N double mutant forms only a single ubiquitin adduct that is thioester-linked, presumably to the C4520 residue.
Moreover, mutants formed on average only 12% of tetramers and their median activity reached only 3% of the wild-type enzyme.
By contrast, wnt11r; fgf8a double mutants formed on average only two pouches and two to three ceratobranchials (Fig. 4D,H,I), with loss of just one copy of wnt11r enhancing the pouch and ceratobranchial defects of fgf8a mutants (supplementary material Fig. S4D,J,M).
Moreover, Stat5a mutants engineered to form only dimers, but not tetramers, failed to induce leukemias.
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