These studies have used preclinical models to assess the impact of inhibiting either the expression or the function of the proteins and have relied on reagents including antisense oligonucleotides, dominant-negative mutants, and small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).
The expected time until the appearance of the first mutant cell with a surviving lineage is (2) assuming a small growth coefficient of resident and mutant cells and small mutation rate (,, and ).
A large number of studies utilizing ILK dominant-negative mutants, siRNA and small molecule inhibitors have reported that ILK can regulate GSK-3 phosphorylation on Ser9/21 [reviewed in 2].
In fra3/fra4 mutants, most sema2b axons still cross in the anterior commissure, consistent with this being the least affected commissure in fra mutants, and, while small breaks in the longitudinal projections can be observed, no axons leave the CNS ([Figure 5F], arrowhead).
In the carbonate-extractable fraction, there was a smaller effect of inoculation, as detected by the xylan-3b antibodies, on the wild-type plant than on the bmr-6 and bmr-6/ bmr-12 mutants, and a smaller effect of inoculation, as detected by the xylan-4 antibodies, on the wild-type plant than on the bmr-12 and bmr-6/ bmr-12 mutants.
In contrast, pla mutants showed dwarfism and small leaves.
Surprisingly, JX1.0 showed a high level of fluorescence from the 1-TAG EGFP mutant and a small but reproducible level of fluorescence from the 3-TAG EGFP mutant.
The original opi1 mutant and a small set of similar mutants identified over the next two decades showed that the Opi− phenotype correlated with a defect in repression of the INO1 gene (Elkhaimi et al. 2000; Hirsch and Henry 1986; Hudak et al. 1994), which is required for inositol synthesis de novo (Culbertson and Henry 1975).
However, if the p67 isoform of Dab2 is inactivated, approximately 50% of homozygotes die by E10.5, and surviving mutants are small and developmentally delayed relative to wildtype littermates [ 58].
