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Others, equally disturbing, include the appearance of mutants able to evade the protection conferred by vaccines.
Only in the presence of (0.2%) arabinose were the complemented mutants able to form L-form colonies (Fig. 4H, 4L O).
The eight strains sequenced were isolated as spontaneous mutants able to use pyrimidines at the normally non-permissive temperature of 37°C, or as spontaneous suppressors of rutE, amtB, or hflB lesions.
Indeed, in pathogens, higher fecundity associated with large effective sizes and shorter generation times enhances the rise of new mutants able to settle on new hosts [ 3- 6].
However, mutants able to proliferate, called "L-forms," can be selected, and this requires a combination of two kinds of mutations [ 5, 7].
Data obtained indicate that glycopeptides in double or triple combinations were effective in preventing the emergence of mutants able to grow in presence of the antibiotics.
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The host-independent (HI) isolate used for high-throughput sequencing is a spontaneous mutant able to grow axenically in a rich medium such as PYE (1% Bacto peptone, 0.3% yeast extract, 2 mM CaCl2.2H2O and 3 mM MgCl2.6H2O, pH 7.6) [13].
Only under elevated CO2 conditions, after 7 10 days, was the Δcas1/2 mutant able to form a few fruiting-bodies, and then only 75% of these generated a small number of mature ascospores.
The mutant able to 'throw out' its carotenoids (Fig. 1A) was not stable as its cells degenerated early (2 weeks) while the non-motile mutant (Fig. 1B) has remained stable for 2 years.
Briefly, all populations were derived form a strictly asexual strain of E. coli B. The parental strain was unable to utilize the sugar L-arabinose (Ara-) but a mutant able to grow on this sugar (Ara+) was isolated.
Growth was restored upon the addition of methionine, indicating that only the methionine biosynthesis pathway was affected in the Δ rsh mutant able to synthesize all other amino acids under nutrient starvation.
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