ME can be positive or negative, depending on whether the fitness of the double mutant is larger or smaller than expected under the null model.
Instead, they only depend on the probability that the payoff entries of the mutant are larger than the payoff entries of the parent type.
Since θ is the probability that the new payoff value of the mutant is larger than the wild type's payoff d, it corresponds to the probability that a mutation is beneficial under the constant selection scenario.
At 30 h post fertilization (hpf) and 3.5 dpf, the yolk in the mutant was larger but the body length was shorter than that of the WT (Fig. 3A-G).
The proliferating chondrocyte zone in the tibiae of controls were larger than mutants, yet the hypertrophic chondrocyte zone in tibiae of mutants were larger than controls.
Peripheral blood smears showed that the majority of erythroid cells in PiT1Δ5/Δ5 mutants were larger than in the wild-type (Fig. 4A and B), which was confirmed by measuring the cell and nucleus mean diameters of erythroid cells in the PiT1+/+ and PiT1Δ5/Δ5 mice (Fig. 4C).
In contrast, rgs1-2 mutants were larger and less chlorotic than Col-0.
We show that daf-2 insulin-like receptor mutants are larger than wild-type upon hatching but grow slow, and WormSizer can distinguish dauer larvae from normal larvae.
In addition, a significant fraction of cells expressing the C-terminal deletion mutants was larger and apolar (round in shape instead of oval) as compared to GFP or GFP-A-RAF expressing cells (see Figure 2A, B).
