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The pgr7 mutant was initially isolated as a low NPQ mutant using video imaging of chlorophyll fluorescence.

The omero (omr) mutant was initially identified due to the absence of the pigmented sensory structures (Figure 3A,A').

We utilized a previously described iterative approach for large-scale RLS analysis [14]: each deletion mutant was initially assayed in strains derived from the MATα ORF deletion collection and, in cases where a statistically significant (p<0.05) increase in median RLS was observed, RLS was determined for independently derived isogenic cells obtained from the MATa ORF deletion collection [14].

The rol5 mutant was initially identified as a suppressor of the root hair formation mutant lrx1[ 18] 18].

The mutant was initially seeded with the native enzyme crystals, and then after iterative crystal growth, the pure mutant crystals were obtained.

The mutant was initially identified through the presence of neural tube defects, with exencephaly and/or lumbosacral spina bifida aperta, and mutants also commonly exhibited oedema (Fig.  1A D).

To do so, recall that just one mutant is initially present.

When the effects of the Y254V mutant were initially examined in Mn2+, the steady-state kinetic parameter Vmax/ Km for complementary dNTP incorporation was diminished <2-fold by the presence of the mutation.

For mixed biofilms, S. gordonii Challis or the BYW1 mutant were initially incubated in THB-0.1% glucose for 24 h, the resultant biofilms washed with PBS and incubated with S. mutans GS5 cells in THG-0.5% sucrose for an additional 24 h.

This unexpected change in asexual reproduction phenotype may account for the dynamics of the loss of sexual reproduction observed in our study: the decrease in the number of perithecia, reflecting the invasion of the population by female-sterile mutants, was initially rapid and then gradually slowed down until female fertility was completely lost.

The functionality of all mutants was initially established by recording whole-cell currents at a holding potential of −70 mV in response to a supersaturating concentration of AITC (200 μM), applied for 20 30 s in the presence of extracellular Ca2+ (1 mM), and by measuring the amplitudes of the currents at the peak.