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We assume that at most one mutant type arises at a time.
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Frequently this type arises as a complication of testicular tumours.
Problems of this type arise in physics.
In both cases, the mutant will go extinct and the average fitness will remain unchanged, since a mutant type is supposed to arise with a small amount.
Fragments originating from mutant type (M) and wild-type (W) OsIRE1 are indicated by closed arrowheads.
This raises the question of when white flowered types arose.
How do these cell types arise?
Indeed, the strongest phenotype of chdC-null mutant cells arises as cells begin multicellular development, where wild-type cells in the aggregation mound differentiate into the precursors of the terminally spore and stalk cells.
Thus the probability that a mutant arises from a resident type i increases with the fitness of this type.
The estimated frequency of the three mutant types suggest that even the commonest double mutant should occur at a discontinuous rate of ∼10−12/cell/division, yet 100 colonies containing such mutants arise from of 10 plated cells, which grew to 10 cells during day 1.
In this case, even before the m-hit mutant arises, the complex phenotype arises as an emerging property among cooperating individuals.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com