When these conditions are met, BSA-seq can quickly identify mutations causing a mutant phenotype, even when the phenotypic effect of a mutation is very small.
When the co-activator of ecdysone signalling Tai was downregulated or the co-repressor Abrupt overexpressed in soma, mutant germaria contained multiple SSCs; this mutant phenotype became even more pronounced over time resembling older ecd1 ts as well as JAK/STAT mutant germaria (Decotto and Spradling, 2005).
Although the lack of synteny among plant mitochondrial genomes suggests that, in general, gene order is not important for mitochondrial function, particular rearrangements have been associated with mutant phenotypes and possibly even adaptive benefits (reviewed in Arrieta-Montiel and Mackenzie 2011).
We found that a transgene with a genomic DNA copy of the lqf+ gene (Pglqf+) that complements lqf null mutants (similar to the transgene in ref. 44; X. X. and J.A.F., manuscript in preparation) rescued the lethality of auxK47/auxD128 mutants (Table 1) and suppressed their mutant eye phenotype even better than PgChc+ did (62% wild-type ommatidia) (Fig. 1E,K).
In addition, it is worth noting that Sestrins are also expressed under normal unstressed conditions [ 1, 2, 4], and that dSesn knockout mutants show accelerated aging phenotypes even in the absence of any environmental stress [ 4].
Basic mRNA 3' processing factors are required for processing of all poly(A) tailed mRNA but they show special interaction with N signaling, to the extent of even reproducing N mutant phenotypes [30] [31].
Heavy ion beams have been successfully applied as mutagens in plant breeding, as they can induce mutations at a high frequency and induce mutants with a broad spectrum of phenotypes even at low doses (Tanaka et al. 2010; Abe et al. 2012).
Since ENU induces primarily single base pair (bp) substitutions in DNA, it is especially useful for producing an allelic series of mutations in a gene, where each mutation may result in different degrees of severity of the mutant phenotype or even in completely different mutant phenotypes.
In contrast, overexpression of the CMT2B mutant variants of rab7 causes no neuropathy-like phenotypes, even at high levels.
Additionally, CRF1-6 mutants bear little resemblance to classic ethylene mutant phenotypes and show no sign of variation in ethylene levels, even in analysis of triple mutant knockout lines [[ 17], Rashotte and Kieber, unpublished result].
