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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.10721.002 Live dynamics data in intact nervous systems are critical to understand developmental processes and mutant phenotypes during the establishment of synaptic connectivity.
The complexity of ESCRT mutant phenotypes during tissue development is maybe best demonstrated in Drosophila epithelia, where most ESCRT mutant cells lose cell polarity, which causes neoplastic transformation and non-cell-autonomous hyperproliferation of the neighboring wild-type cells.
In contrast to the rescuing activity observed with the intestine and neuronal promoters, gfp::aak-2 expression in the hypodermis, body wall muscles, or excretory (Exc) cell did not significantly rescue either of the ampk mutant phenotypes during L1 diapause (Fig. 3A,B).
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Thus, we characterized the D-cbl mutant phenotype during eye development in more detail.
In summary, ectopic overexpression of the primary miR171h transcript in roots of M. truncatula is leading to a phenotype analogous to the nsp2-2 mutant phenotype during mycorrhizal and nodule symbiosis.
In C. elegans, a readily available fosmid library (http://elegans.bcgsc.bc.ca/) that covers ∼80% of the genome and ∼90% of the worm genes (D. Moerman, personal communication) is often used for complementation of mutant phenotypes both during the identification of new mutants and the subsequent analysis of cloned mutants.
Additionally, adverse effects may contribute to the complexity of ESCRT mutant phenotypes observed during the development of higher eukaryotes.
Yet the example of the male inherited sporulation factor important for transmission that is transcribed and translated in male gametocytes but has a mutant phenotype manifested during the ookinete-to-oocyst transformation highlights the great complexity of the system (Bushell et al., 2009).
Here, we report the mutant phenotypes of Drosophila cbl (D-cbl) during eye development.
The extent of cooperation ranges from similar mutant phenotypes between β-catenin and Smad2/4 during gastrulation, the necessity of TGF-β/Smad in mediating β-catenin responses such as epithelial mesenchymal transition and apoptosis, and also the presence of LEF1 and Smad binding sites in certain promoters.
We recently demonstrated a correlation among LS groups, expression timing during colony development, and severity of mutant phenotypes [7].
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com