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Studies have shown that HIV sero-discordant and sero-concordant couples, who continue to practice unprotected sex, will increase their exposure to mutant or multiple strains of the human immunodeficiency virus, as well as other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unplanned pregnancy, if the use of dual method for disease and pregnancy prevention was not practiced [ 4- 9].
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The double mutants or multiple mutants were derived from genetic crosses of the parental mutants (or transgenic lines).
Tyrosinase mutants lacking single or multiple N-glycosylation sites were obtained by changing the codon for Asn (AAT or AAC) from the glycosylation sequon to the codon for Gln (CAA), either using a site-directed mutagenesis kit (Clontech, USA) or by three-steps PCR method.
For each protein, mutants at single or multiple lysine sites that block SUMOylation have to be identified and generated.
Lastly, despite the power of yeast genetics, the interpretation of double or multiple mutant data is difficult as every mutant creates a pathological state and a function of a protein under these conditions may not necessarily reflect such a function in wild-type cells.
We also generated double or multiple mutants of wer-1, a mutant with more root hairs than Col-0, with BRI1-OX or bin2-3 bil1 bil2, and found that both BRI1-OX wer-1 and bin2-3 bil1 bil2 wer-1 were similar to wer-1, with many ectopic root hairs formed at the N cell position.
Instead, they have relied on the study of single or multiple mutant combinations to reveal the generation of phenotypic patterns (e.g. [ 1]).
As previously described, ChR1 photoreceptor localization is perturbed in the min1 mutant, appearing as stripes or multiple spots along the D4 rootlet (Mittelmeier et al. 2008; Figure 2B).
Most of the tg animal models of AD are based on the targeted overexpression of single or multiple mutant molecules associated with familial AD (FAD) (Table 1, Fig. 3).
(A) The phosphorylated threonine and serine residues shown in Fig. 1D were mutated to alanine, and Atg31 mutants with single mutations or multiple mutations in various combinations, as well as Atg31 deletion mutants, were assessed for autophagy activity under nitrogen starvation conditions.
As a consequence, this vector will be a highly valuable means for the rapid generation of single or multiple mutants remaining sensitive to the most reliable selection markers Blasticidin S and neomycin.
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