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To investigate if the observed increase in apoptosis in the XpdTTD mutant mice involves activation of p53, we examined the expression of p53 by immunohistochemistry in the liver using the same tissue arrays.
These results suggested that the enhanced synaptic trafficking of AMPAR in the adult mutant mice involves the activation of ADF/cofilin.
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These data further support the conclusion that the changes in gene expression in the mutant mice involving the chromosome X can be explained by genetic background effects.
Differential palatal defects in Fgfr2 +/S252W and Fgfr2 +/P253R mutant mice involve gross shape changes of the palatine bones (Fig. 2) and differences in fusion patterns of palatal sutures (Fig. 3).
One group of proteins significantly altered in null mutant mice were those involved in oxidative stress and cellular redox homeostasis (p<0.0001).
Second, although Nod2 is demonstrably involved in the induction of inflammatory mediators in in vitro models of B. burgdorferi stimulation, Nod2 appears to have the opposite effect in infected Nod2 mutant mice and is involved in suppressing inflammatory responses during long-term infection through mechanisms of tolerance.
In the mutant mice, this process involved RhoGTPase-mediated activation of proinflammatory NFκB gene targets [ 76].
Similarly, mutant mice for genes involved in DNA repair allow to link DDR to stem cell depletion and aging (Ruzankina et al., 2007; Inomata et al., 2009).
Consistent with the lack of amacrine cells in the shh−/− mutant, mouse p57Kip2 is involved in development of a subset of amacrine cells [71].
All experiments involving doubly mutant mice were therefore performed on F1 mice.
Anatomical analysis of adult Dyrk1a mutant mice that model human diseases involving an imbalance in DYRK1A gene dosage (the Dyrk1a+/− mouse and the mBACtg Dyrk1a mouse, carrying one or three functional copies of Dyrk1a, respectively) revealed a positive correlation between Dyrk1a gene copy number, the overall size of the brain and the number of neurons in specific regions.
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