Additional features of mutant mice include deficits in rotorod performance, aberrant pain responses, and abnormal myelin sheath folding.
Symptoms in the heterozygous mutant mice include hyperglycaemia, hypoinsulinaemia, polydipsia and polyuria, beginning at around 3 4 weeks of age.
Another phenotype of the mutant mice includes eye malformation (Xuan et al., 1995; Pratt et al., 2004).
Almost all bones of the mutant mice, including the calvariae, vertebrae, tibiae, femurs, ribs, limbs and sternums were defective.
Importantly, in humans, hypoplasia of several brainstem nuclei affected in our ATF2 mutant mice, including the inferior olivary nuclei, the facial, the dorsal vagal and the hypoglossal nuclei have been reported in cases of intrauterine or neonatal sudden death as well as in sudden infant death syndrome [35].
These mice display other features found in BRCA2 mutant mice, including germ-cell defects, small size, and perinatal lethality [ 11].
Previous studies have established that intestinal tumours from Apc mutant mice, including adenocarcinomas, do not harbour K- ras activating mutations [ 20, 26, 27].
The general appearance of motor neurons was examined by conventional staining methods used in analysis of SOD1 mutant mice, including hematoxylin/eosin and cresyl violet staining.
The authors noticed that the reported phenotype of mice lacking the epithelial-specific FGFR2b isoform was remarkably similar to that of their p63 mutant mice, including cleft palate and a strongly hypo-plastic and hypo-proliferative skin (Rice et al, 2004).
Our data obtained from the TLR13 knockout macrophages show that TLR13 is essential for cytokine induction by the bacterial 23S rRNA, a phenotype that has not been observed with other TLR mutant mice, including those lacking TLR2, 4, 7 or 11.
We have added the following paragraph to the Discussion: "Our data obtained from the TLR13 knockout macrophages show that TLR13 is essential for cytokine induction by the bacterial 23S rRNA, a phenotype that has not been observed with other TLR mutant mice, including those lacking TLR2, 4, 7 or 11.
