Both mutant and control larvae exposed to galactose demonstrated dramatic increases (P<0.0001) in the expression levels of both GSTD6 and GSTE7 relative to ACT5C (Table 1).
Finally, we tested the expression levels of two transcripts responsive to oxidative stress, GSTD6 and GSTE7, in mutant and control larvae exposed to galactose and found that both genes were induced, one by more than 40-fold.
In the presence of galactose; however, there was a greater than fivefold decrease in Cys levels observed in both mutant and control larvae exposed to paraquat as compared with all other conditions (P<0.0001; Fig. 5A).
Finally, we compared the levels of total glutathione (GSH + GSSG) and total cysteine (Cys + CySS + CyS-GSH) in lysates prepared from mutant and control larvae exposed to food containing either glucose or glucose plus galactose with no additive, with 80 μM vitamin C or with 100 μM paraquat.
We found that third instar larvae exposed to all three bacterial strains or the Pf-5 gacA mutant expressed β-galactosidase in their gut and fat body suggesting that their immune system had been activated (Fig. S3).
Despite that, zebrafish larvae exposed to both dyes until 144 h were less active.
"Larvae exposed to high levels were dead within a week," said study leader John Incardona.
Constancy measures of adults developing from naïve larvae, from larvae exposed to odor only, and from larvae exposed to shock only, were not significantly different from 50%, suggesting random choice at the adult stage.
For instance, mayfly larvae exposed to a model of their fish predator took 50 80% longer to reach maturity than larvae in a predator-free control [43].
Non-irradiated dried larvae after rehydration also contained cells with severely damaged DNA, with a level of fragmentation comparable to the larvae exposed to 70 Gy 4He ions.
