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Infection with the pilY1− mutant induced a strong acute inflammatory response in murine airways, but no mortality (data not shown).
The hNGFR100E mutant induced a significantly lower activation of Erks, with respect to hNGF (Fig. 1E,H), which is not due to a different time course (data not shown).
The ΔSPI-1 mutant induced a high, dose-dependent M1 response but a low M2 response in infected macrophages.
Because the G190S mutant induced a large positive shift of activation voltage dependence, we tested whether ACTZ is able to contrast G190S defect.
Abolishing Myo1c function by RNA interference or overexpressing a dominant-negative mutant induced a collapse of raft-enriched recycling tubules and lipid rafts accumulated in the recycling compartment causing a dramatic loss of raft markers from the cell surface.
By extending the infection time to 11 h, the tir mutant induced a rapid loss in barrier function after the lag, which occurred at a rate over 6 times faster (P < 0.0001) than the decrease with WT EPEC (Fig. 1C), while a TER decrease was not observed with the espA mutant over a similar 11 h infection period (Fig. 1C).
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The single mutations induced a leukemia similar to wild type when transplanted into mice, however the double mutant induced an undetermined disease with recipients surviving twice as long as wild type recipient mice [25].
In the context of inactive LKB1, the overexpression of EIF2A and the EIF2A-S51D isoform led to a protective effect, while the alanine mutant induced an increase of cell toxicity (Fig. 6c).
We hypothesize that the mutant induces a repressor that acts against the ABA pathway or downregulates an inducer of the same pathway.
Altogether, these results highlight the fact that the reduced QC size in the mutant induces a decrease in cell division and premature cell differentiation in the rice RAM.
Indeed, S620T mutant abolishes inactivation [25], [43] while S631A mutant induces a depolarizing shift in the steady-state inactivation relation [40].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com