To this end, brat homozygous mutant germline clones were induced in females using the FLP-recombinase dominant female sterile technique (Chou and Perrimon, 1996; see Materials and Methods), to produce maternally null embryos (brat GLC).
These were taken from the red-eye mutant STDR strain, allowing us to track the offspring of a single AsymC female using eye color.
F1 offspring derived from crossing ND2 mutant females to w males were used as the experimental group, given that they inherit mtDNA from the ND2 mutant strain; F1 offspring derived from crossing ND2 mutant males to w females were used as the control group, given that they inherit mtDNA from the w strain.
Maternal zygotic cc2d2a embryos were generated through in vitro fertilization using eggs from homozygous cc2d2a mutant females fertilized with sperm from cc2d2a heterozygous males.
In some experiments M eomesa fh105 embryos were generated by in vitro fertilization using homozygous mutant female and heterozygous or wildtype male parents and used in place of MZ eomesa embryos.
We used null mutants in the transformer (tra) gene: tra mutant females are morphologically and behaviorally completely masculinized and loss of tra can masculinize individual somatic cells in a cell-autonomous manner (Baker and Ridge, 1980).
The dissected ovaries from 40 control females or 100 spn-F mutant females were then homogenized in 1 ml lysis buffer; more spn-F mutant ovaries were used because they were underdeveloped due to oogenesis defects (Abdu et al., 2006).
We used MMTV-Cre Runx1 MMTV-Cre Runx1R26Y doubL/Lmutant and MMTV-CRb1Rb1 L/L ;R26Y single mutant females for this analysis, as MMTV-Cre;Runx1 L/L ;Trp53 L/L ;R26Y double mutant femands often exhibit early lethality.
Mutant females, which spliced the gene as males do, appeared normal, but their behavior was dramatically altered: They courted female flies, using all steps of the male courtship ritual, short of attempting copulation.
He demands sexual favors from mutants of all species and requests that, in particular, mutant females of the nanomage persuasion provide him their feet.
