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Compared to the control, the mutant exhibited reduced resistance to the rice blast pathogen CH45.
This result agrees with a previous report indicating that the D17N mutant exhibited reduced thermal stability compared to the wild-type enzyme (Arnórsdóttir et al. [2011]).
The pkaA deletion mutant exhibited reduced sensitivity towards NFAP compared to its recipient RKIS1 strain suggesting that NFAP activates the cAMP/Pka signalling cascade and possibly promotes programmed cell death (PCD) (Table 1).
Compared to wild type Themis2, the Y660F and, most strikingly, the 2PA mutant exhibited reduced capacity to interact with Grb2 despite similar levels of tagged protein expression.
The Fes E469K mutant exhibited reduced tyrosine kinase activity, whereas the E472K mutant was not significantly impaired (data not shown).
For example, when expressed in connexin-null cells, the G38D mutant exhibited reduced ability, and the P88S mutant failed, to form gap-junction plaques at cell-cell interfaces.
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Although no altered phenotypes of the wrky40 mutant was observed in ABA effects on root growth or salt and osmotic sensitivity, which could be due to low sensitivity of the assays, we did observe that the wrky18 and wrky60 mutants exhibited reduced ABA inhibition of root growth as well as reduced sensitivity to salt and osmotic stress.
All ERA mutant preparations were more cytopathogenic than the parental virus when propagated in cell culture; when in vivo pathogenicity in mice was examined, three of these mutants exhibited reduced pathogenicity while the remaining four mutants exhibited comparable pathogenic properties to those of the parent virus.
Furthermore, following overexpression, these tumor-specific mutants exhibited reduced demethylase activity at the repressive chromatin mark H3K27me3 (Ho et al., 2013).
In general, results from in vitro germination experiments showed that the single mutants exhibited reduced pollen tube length, and that this reduction became more severe in bet11/bet12 double mutants (Fig. 3Aa Ac); moreover, about 4%% of double mutant pollen grains extruded a secondary pollen tube (Fig. 3Ad Ae).
As shown in Table 1, in general, APE1 mutants exhibited reduced activities compared to the WT APE1 on all DNA substrates tested.
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