This agrees with our previous results concerning the antiphagocytic effector and major cytotoxin YopE [54]; certain yopE point mutants exhibited attenuated virulence but still gave rise to cytotoxicity in HeLa cells.
Although receptor preferences of the viral mutants were changed by HA mutations in this study, almost all virus mutants exhibited attenuated infection efficiency in vitro and in vivo.
Because C. glabrata calcineurin mutants exhibited attenuated virulence in a murine systemic infection, we investigated whether serum inhibits the growth of C. glabrata calcineurin mutants.
Accordingly, CyaB is an important regulator of Vfr-dependent functions; ΔcyaB and Δvfr mutants exhibit attenuated virulence in a mouse model of acute pneumonia infection [19].
Although we observed spirochetes in some of the salivary glands collected, and determined that they were viable by culture, we are currently investigating whether the bba64 mutant exhibits attenuated migration efficiency from midgut to salivary glands.
When examined in a bone marrow transplantation (BMT) model for chronic myelogenous leukemia, mice that express the mutant exhibit attenuated myeloproliferation and lymphoproliferation when compared with mice that express unmodified p210 BCR/ABL1.
In the presence of aphidicolin, the PpCSPs quadruple deletion mutant and PpCSP1 transcript-increased line exhibited attenuated and enhanced reprogramming, respectively (Supplementary Fig. 9).
In the presence of aphidicolin, the ppcsp quadruple deletion mutant and the PpCSP1 transcript-increased line exhibited attenuated and enhanced reprogramming, respectively as in the absence of the cell cycle inhibitor (Supplementary Fig. 9).
Interestingly, while C. dubliniensis and C. albicans crz1/crz1 mutants grew similarly to wild-type at acidic pH, they exhibited attenuated growth that was intermediate between wild-type and calcineurin mutants at alkaline pH.
