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Moreover, in light of the partial rescue of the neural tube phenotype of Shh or Smoothened mutant embryos in Shh−/− Gli3−/−, Smoothened−/− Gli3−/−, and Shh−/− Rab23−/− double null embryos, one can consider the roles that the Shh Gli pathway may have taken to orchestrate congruent prepattern and growth, and the importance of creating the correct number of precursors in patterning mechanisms.
To visualize rhombomeres in live embryos we have generated homozygous ktoy82 mutant embryos in the pGFP5.3 transgenic line that expresses GFP in rhombomeres 3 and 5 [38].
We followed the spindle pole dynamics in Sced embryos before NEB, and we did not find a significant difference in the pole-pole distance between WT and Sced mutant embryos in late prophase (Fig. 5A).
Scleraxis expression is however observed normally in tendons of extra-ocular and non-branchiomeric muscles of mutant embryos, in addition to regions where hypoplastic branchiomeric muscles were present (data not shown), [32].
In flies, the DHR1 domain is not essential for recruitment to the membrane, but is essential for myoblast fusion as deletion of the DHR1 domain fails to rescue mbc mutant embryos in functional rescue assays [11].
Three other EMS mutants (emb24, emb36, emb71) identified about the same time were part of a widespread effort to characterize the response of mutant embryos in culture [3], [16] [18].
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Immunohistochemistry for Cre-dependent β-gal expression on transverse sections of E12.5 embryos revealed unaffected development of the enteric nervous system and the sympathetic ganglia in either mutant embryo, in agreement with [ 18].
We constructed mouse strains that generate Adar1; Ifnar1 (IFN-α and -β receptor 1) double-mutant embryos in crosses.
Both loci show incomplete penetrance, which led Shinohara et al. to examine Rfx3-mutant embryos in greater detail [ 37].
To investigate the effect of blocking signaling from RLRs, we generated strains that produce Adar1 −/− ; Mavs −/− double-mutant embryos in crosses.
In Cdo;Boc double-mutant embryos, in most cases, the palatal shelves either resembled those at E13.5 (Fig. 7Bf) or, if some degree of growth had occurred by this stage, failed to elevate and form a MES (Fig. 7Bg).
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