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(e) H3K36A mutant cells also show abrogated DNA damage checkpoint activation as monitored by Rad53 activation kinetics.

These experiments show that mechanical stress activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling in these cells, and that the keratin mutant cells also show a resistance to apoptosis following mechanical stress that is reversed by inhibiting ERK.

About 1% of the E101 mutant cells also showed this phenotype at the permissive temperature (data not shown).

The results show that ctf7-203 elg1 double mutant cells also remain viable at temperatures lethal for ctf7 single mutant cells (Figure S1).

dVps4 mutant cells also displayed a dramatic dysorganization of the actin cytoskeleton similar to that reported in dvps28 (ESCRT-I) mutant cells [17].

This and the generally higher background staining of cytoplasm indicates that mutant cells also endocytose quantitatively less efficiently than wild-type cells.

cbpB mutant cells were also more sensitive to osmotic stress than wild-type cells.

The mutant cells were also larger, with median cell width values of 0.78 ± 0.04 µm for strain pmp23(E61Q) and 0.84 ± 0.04 µm for strain pmp23(D68N) (Fig. 2a).

To further characterize the defect of heterochromatin formation in spt16-m mutant cells, we also analyzed the distribution of all three Sir proteins across HMR locus (Fig. 2D) and the histone modifications at HMR locus (Fig. 2E).

These mutant cells were also defective in GPI-anchor biosynthesis, failed to grow, were morphologically altered, and had impaired mitochondrial structure and function, demonstrating the importance of PE in parasite's physiology [50].

We included in our analyses rad61 and ctf18 single mutant cells and also rad61 ctf18 double mutant cells.