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SAR analysis indicated that introduction of a nitrogen mustard group to the structure of sophoridinic acid significantly enhance the antitumor activity.
Moreover, molecular docking study exhibited benzyl group introduced to the nitrogen atom at the 12-position and aryl nitrogen mustard group at the 4′-carboxyl region for compound 6 were beneficial for the higher anticancer activity.
The top molecule is bound reversibly, but the lower one is bound covalently as it has reacted with an amino acid residue through its nitrogen mustard group.
Bendamustine is a hybrid-alkylating agent comprising a purine-like benzimidazole ring and nitrogen mustard group.
Taken together, these results suggest that CY is a dual-targeting drug, with both the DNA-damaging nitrogen mustard group and an HDAC inhibitory moiety.
To further understand how CY's chemical modifications might have resulted in such an increased potency, we synthesized compound A (Fig 1A), in which the chloride atoms of CY's nitrogen mustard group were substituted with hydroxyl groups.
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The spirocyclic template utilized was designed on the basis of established architectures, and equipped with a mustard alkylating group.
It consists of a nitrogen mustard (mechlorethamine) group, a characteristic element of alkylators such as chlorambucil and cyclophosphamide, simultaneously with a benzimidazole ring that substitutes for the benzene ring seen in chlorambucil.
Comparing the GI50 data of CY and bendamustine, such a significant increase in drug potency is rather surprising, given that CY differs from bendamustine only on its side chain, furthest away from the purported nitrogen mustard functional group.
Nitrogen mustard soon spawned a group of drugs which became effective treatments for certain cancers.
GS biosynthesis is a well-studied key trait shared by all Brassicales including the mustard family (Brassicaceae) crown group (Schranz et al. 2011) and its sister lineage Aethionemae.
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