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are not known, but must be estimated.
For risk-assessment purposes, the mass discharge must be estimated together with a level of uncertainty.
Security risks associated with all activities must be estimated for the adequacy of countermeasures.
However, neither of these quantities is known and so each must be estimated.
Influenza is not a reportable disease, so its prevalence must be estimated.
Often, these models have parameters which must be estimated using data from the real system.
(1) The reliability of the classes to assess the given rock engineering problem must be estimated.
Second, the collision duration must be estimated in order to convert collision impulses into forces.
Instead, the internal structure must be estimated from the observed peaks.
Other aquifer and source parameters must be estimated by interpretation of well breakthrough data via the advection-dispersion equation.
Material parameters in multiaxial HCF-criteria must be estimated from experiments, which always are affected by scatter from several sources.
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