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Regarding the functional and structural brain differences observed in the hippocampus of musicians compared with nonmusicians, we wanted to ensure that the stronger activation of this area in musicians did not merely reflect the structural difference between the two groups.
A morphometric analysis focusing on those areas that had previously been found to be significantly activated in the fMRI data analysis (comparison between musicians and nonmusicians, Figure 3) revealed higher gray matter density for musicians compared with nonmusicians, but only in the left hippocampal head ([−32; −12; −16], Figure 4).
In addition, this effect of segmental processing is substantially enhanced in AP musicians compared with the other 2 experimental groups.
By systematically varying the lexical and/or prosodic information of speech stimuli, we demonstrated consistent activation differences in AP musicians compared with RP musicians and nonmusicians.
The post hoc tests show a significant enhancement of effect sizes in this area in musicians compared with nonmusicians (Fig. 4 C ).
Importantly, activation in the same left and right pSTS coordinates was reported by Ohnishi et al. (2001) for listening to piano music in a mixed group of musicians compared with musically naive controls.
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How does dealing with rock musicians compare with dealing with tennis players?
Research evidence supports a strong association between enhanced working memory performance in musicians compared to non-musicians.
Vocabulary score was significantly higher in musicians compared to non-musicians, t 70) = 2.88, p < 0.005, d = 0.68, BFInclusion = 5.64, and higher among monolinguals compared to bilinguals, t 70) = 3.47, p < 0.001, d = 0.82, BFInclusion = 25.05, with moderate to strong differences supported by Bayesian analyses.
Reconstruction quality of instrumental playing was superior in skilled musicians compared to musically untrained subjects, displayed taxonomic specificity for the trained movement repertoire, and correlated with the cumulated long-term training exposure, but not with the recent past training history.
This is further in accordance with brain imaging studies in the musical domain that reported superior performance as well as increased brain activity in musicians compared to non-musicians.
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