Each facial muscle is approximated with a series of muscle polygons on the mesh surface.
The nonlinear relationship of the contraction dynamics of the muscle is approximated by BP neural networks.
The system design is centred on the reproduction of natural muscle's contraction mechanism unveiled by multi-scale researches, and the versatility and morphology of muscle are approximated concurrently through multi-objective and coupled iterative optimizations.
A simple model that describes stiffness and viscosity in healthy muscle was approximated from the algorithms introduced by de Vlugt et al. (2010) [ 42].
The upper border of the subscapularis muscle is approximated to the supraspinatus muscle by side-to-side sutures, while its lower border is sutured to the capsular tissues under the head of the humerus.
Finally, the medial platysma muscle edges were approximated in the midline using mattress or figure-of-eight plicating sutures of Vicryl 3 0 (Ethicon GmbH, Johnson & Johnson, Hamburg, Germany).
Muscle forces and architecture were approximated through the addition of pretensioned trusses.
Muscles were kept in the original form, pigment cups and ciliated cells were approximated with simplified 3D shapes based on TrakEM2 reconstructions.
After repositioning of the orbicularis oris muscle, the alar base flap was approximated to the septal flap, which forms the nostril floor and nasal sill (Fig. 4b d).
On the contrary, knee flexion increases ADF, as the muscle's origin and insertion are approximated.
