Relaxed cardiac muscle was described as a transversally isotropic hyperelastic material.
The active torque produced by the FES-induced muscle contraction is described as two parts, namely, activation dynamics and contraction dynamics, while the passive torque of the muscle is described as passive elastic and passive viscous properties [22].
Next, systems that incorporate muscle cells to produce either 2D sheets or 3D tissues of contractile muscle are described with an emphasis on the more recent 3D platforms.
The ultrastructure of cardiac muscle is described.
In the upper limb, two cases of intramuscular myxoma of the deltoid region, seven cases of arm, four cases of the forearm, and one case of intramuscular myxoma of the thenar muscles were described [14, 16, 17, 18].
The solutions and methods used for measurements of muscle isometric function in EDL muscles were described in detail previously [ 27, 28].
High performance torsional and tensile artificial muscles are described, which utilize thermally- or electrochemically-induced volume changes of twist-spun, guest-filled, carbon nanotube (CNT) yarns.
The force of the muscles is described in nonlinear Hill model while the motoneuron for muscle activities is modelled in the oscillator.
The interactions between electrical parameters and the contraction responses of carcass muscles are described to provide generalised principles to guide the design of electrical stimulation technology.
However, extrahepatic AE involving bones and/or muscles was described very rarely.
