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There was no difference in muscle tissue ascorbate concentrations between the 2 intervention groups, which suggested that muscle tissue ascorbate concentrations were saturating with the low kiwifruit intake.
To our knowledge, our study provides novel data on the effects of vitamin C depletion and dietary supplementation on human skeletal muscle tissue ascorbate status.
Baseline mean muscle tissue ascorbate concentrations were ∼16 nmol/g tissue (Table 3), with a range from 1.0 to 43.2 nmol/g tissue.
The muscle tissue ascorbate concentrations of the volunteers were 60.3 ± 13.6 nmol/g tissue, which compared well with those of study participants after intervention (Table 3).
At baseline, mean plasma ascorbate concentrations of study participants were marginally deficient (24), and their skeletal muscle tissue ascorbate concentrations were similarly low, with a ∼3.5-fold uptake of ascorbate by muscle tissue observed after intervention.
After 6 wk of intervention, there was a ∼3.5-fold increase in mean muscle tissue ascorbate concentrations to 53 and 61 nmol/g tissue in the low- and high-dose groups, respectively (P < 0.0001; Table 3).
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Because of the multiple potential functions of ascorbate within muscle tissue, a daily vitamin C intake that provides plasma ascorbate concentrations ≥50 μmol/L should be consumed to maintain an optimal skeletal muscle ascorbate status.
However, it is apparent from our study that the uptake of ascorbate into mononuclear cells and neutrophils significantly underestimates the relative uptake of ascorbate into muscle tissue.
The accumulation of ascorbate in muscle tissue is thought to protect these metabolically active cells against oxidative stress (14).
Thus, muscle tissue appeared to have a significantly greater relative uptake of ascorbate than both mononuclear cells and neutrophils.
The ascorbate content of the kiwifruit, plasma, urine, leukocytes, and muscle tissue was analyzed by using reverse-phase HPLC with a Synergi 4 micron Hydro-RP 80-A column (Phenomenex NZ Ltd) and an ESA coulochem II electrochemical detector (ESA Inc) as described previously (18).
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