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The recovery time between each muscle test was at least five minutes.
The protocol for muscle test was described in detail in Tsai's study [ 1].
Manual muscle test was used for checking strength of hip flexor muscles, hip abductor muscles and knee extensor muscles.
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Data regarding manual muscle test were not obtained.
Fourth, different results of the manual muscle test were readily obtained because the two examiners evaluated each loading test.
The results concerning the manual muscle test were the following: the strength of the right levator ani muscles (SD 7.79 ± 2.88), the cut-off points were 6, 7 and 10 for percentile 25, 50 and 75, respectively.
Manual muscle testing was used to grade levator ani contractions as poor, moderate, or strong; quantitative electromyography software was used to analyze motor unit action potential activation in the urethral sphincter.
Mean decline in muscle strength by manual muscle testing was 3.5 ± 1.6% per year in the study by Cox et al.[ 17] and 5.2 ± 5.9% over 1 year in the study by Cortese et al.[ 16 ▪].
Regarding the association between muscle status and foot deformity, our findings are in agreement with data from van Schie et al. (15), who showed that muscle weakness in the foot, assessed using manual muscle testing, was not associated with foot deformity in diabetic patients.
Isometric cervical muscle testing is well validated.
Manual and handheld dynamometer (HHD) muscle testing were also compared.
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