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All three proteins were demonstrated to be secreted by muscle stage larvae, and immunohistochemical analysis established that SML-1 and -2 are secreted into developing nurse cells.
Here we describe the characterisation of three of the top candidates isolated from our analysis, termed secreted from muscle stage larvae (SML -1, -2 and -3.
Variations on this technique have also been successful in cryopreserving the larvae and adult worms of filariae, muscle stage larvae of Trichinella spp., the infective stages of gastro-intestinal nematode parasites and insect embryos.
During its life cycle the parasite occupies two primary tissue sites, the intestinal epithelium (adults) and the skeletal muscle fibers (muscle stage larvae, L1).
The stages identified were: Stage 0: normal muscle; stage 1: some fatty streaks; stage 2: manifest fatty infiltration but less fat than muscle; stage 3: as much fat as muscle; stage 4: more fat than muscle.
Muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) may extend into the muscle (stage T2), the perivesical fat layer beyond the muscle (stage T3), and adjacent organs (T4).
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Given the extremely low rate of FSHD-associated inappropriate expression of DUX4 at the myoblast, myotube, and muscle stages, many of the FSHD-dysregulated transcription-regulatory or cell signaling genes revealed by our expression profiling may be more effective targets for developing pharmacologically-based or gene therapy-based treatment of FSHD than DUX4 itself.
This hypothetical, receptor-muscle, stage has not been clearly defined in extant cnidarians or other metazoans whereas advance stages with neuronal elements (or adjusters) are widely represented across all animals with nervous systems.
For T. spiralis, muscle-stage larvae (L1) were obtained by digestion of infected mouse muscle using standard methods [ 34]. Larval stages (L3) of A. simplex and P. decipens were obtained from infected fish.
However, conventional MRI techniques cannot resolve the various bladder wall layers accurately, thereby seriously limiting the accuracy of T staging, particularly in distinguishing among muscle invasive (stage T2 or higher) and superficial (stage T1 or lower) tumours.
In total, 67 patients (54%) suffered disease progression, which was defined as occurrence of muscle invasion (stage T2-4) or metastatic disease (stage N2-3 or stage M1).
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