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Further work, however, is needed to quantify the performance of healthy subjects performing an isometric force reproduction task using a different experimental pain protocol (e.g. muscle saline injection).
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To gain further understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying iNOS-induced IR we next examined IRS-1 tyrosine nitration and phosphorylation in skeletal muscle from saline and LPS-treated iNOS+/+ and iNOS−/− mice that had undergone the HIEC procedure.
To further evaluate the hypertrophic response, we performed histological analysis of the cardiac muscle form saline- and AngII-treated mice.
On the contralateral side of the injected side in both the masseter and temporalis muscles, isotonic saline (IS: 0.9 %, 0.2 mL) was administered as a control.
There was no release of lactate and pyruvate, which was in line with previous studies, inducing pain in the bicep muscles and masseter muscle with hypertonic saline and acidic saline, respectively [24, 40].
The acidic saline muscle injection also increased the expression of the early gene c-Fos in NVmes neurons, which further indicates that long term changes in activation of these neurons appear after the muscle injections.
This is in agreement with our results, which show that blockade of these receptors ipsilaterally to the side that received the acid saline muscle injection prevents development of allodynia bilaterally.
We directly injected adeno-associated virus expressing ProMyo in right tibialis cranialis/extensor digitorum longus muscles of rats and saline in left muscles and compared the effects after 17 days.
Stimulus-evoked EPSCs were recorded from body wall muscles in control saline and after the addition of EGTA-AM.
(D – H ) Stimulus-evoked EPSCs were recorded from body wall muscles in control saline and after the addition of EGTA-AM.
(E and H ) Stimulus-evoked EPSCs were recorded from body wall muscles in control saline and after the addition of EGTA-AM.
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