The detailed interpretation of this ancient eye muscle pattern and innervation draws heavily on classical anatomy and embryology of living species.
However, the overall leg muscle pattern and capacity of fibres to interact with internal tendons appeared unchanged.
Mutants in importin-α2 exhibited errors in muscle patterning and organization that could be alleviated by restoring muscle expression of Importin-α2.
The key role of Wg in leg myogenesis and differential requirements of ventrally and dorsally located myoblasts for Wg signals is supported by abnormal leg muscle pattern and preferential loss of ventrally located leg muscles in flies expressing a dominant negative form of dTCF Fig. 5J, J'.
In a myogenic context in vivo, Eph receptors have been implicated in muscle patterning and inervation [ 40, 41].
This includes, but is not limited to, interactions influencing the formation of body axes, neural tube formation, neural crest migration, gut development, muscle patterning and myogenesis.
We also showed that the cGMP dependent protein kinase, DG1, is similarly required for muscle patterning and for integrin localization at the MTJ.
One early-stop mutation in the sel-12 coding region leads to additional pleiotropic effects on both vulval muscle patterning and vulval morphogenesis, while the other missense mutation of sel-12 causes specific muscle arm defect (Table 1).
Programmed cell death is an important process during development that serves to remove superfluous cells and tissues, such as larval organs during metamorphosis, supernumerary cells during nervous system development, muscle patterning and cardiac morphogenesis.
When the nuclei become cellularized, the following cell divisions occur at a much-reduced pace and can occur in the absence of Imp-α2, leading to the formation of fully viable, albeit sterile adults (Gorjánácz et al. 2002; Török et al. 1995) that display defects in muscle patterning and organization of the neuromuscular junction (Mosca and Schwarz 2010a, 2010b).
