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Muscle ligase expression can also be regulated by oxidative stress [ 55].
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Among signaling pathways regulating muscle ligase mRNA expression, NF-κB is a transcription factor potentially repressed by proteasome inhibitor.
Therefore, another explanation for a decrease in muscle ligase mRNA expression could be an anti-inflammatory effect of epoxomicin.
PKB-induced phosphorylation of FOXO transcription factors control ubiquitin ligase expression, resulting in inhibition of the ubiquitin-proteasome protein degradation system in myotubes and mouse muscle (29).
In C2C12 myotubes, ERK inhibition appeared required to stimulate ubiquitin ligase expression [13].
Indeed, results of E3 ligase expression analysis from other human models of cachexia have been contradictory.
Interestingly, coumaroyl CoA-ligase expression slightly increased the chlorophyll a content of the cells.
RING finger protein 13 (RNF13) is a novel E3 ubiquitin ligase whose expression is associated with cancer development.
DNA ligase 1 expression increases during proliferation, and it binds to PCNA to join Okazaki fragments.
Previously, we discovered that E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase NEDD4 expression was upregulated in the brain samples of PD patients (16).
Finally, mRNA levels of atrogin-1, an ubiquitin-ligase whose expression is strongly upregulated upon muscle wasting [18], appeared unchanged in MCK-UCP1 mice, as compared to wild-type littermates (figure 2B).
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