Bladder dysfunction occurs in up to 70% of patients and is characterized by detrusor muscle hyperactivity, which leads to nocturia, urgency and increased urinary frequency [ 34, 46].
Tension headaches and neck pain are usually caused by masticatory muscle hyperactivity [4].
Myofascial pain is described as a muscle hyperactivity involving facial pain related to temporomandibular disorders [3].
Possible causative factors include previous trauma to the temporomandibular joint, temporal muscle hyperactivity, chronic disc displacement, endocrine anomalies, and genetic alterations [7, 9, 11, 13].
BTX-A has been widely used for the treatment of sialorrhea, facial spasm, and localized muscle hyperactivity, as well as for cosmetic purposes [5, 6].
In C. elegans and D. melanogaster, sirtuin overexpression or hyperactivity increases lifespan [ 13, 14, 15].
The ability of botulinum toxin to inhibit acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction has been exploited for use in medical conditions characterized by muscle hyperactivity.
Focally administered onabotulinumtoxinA inhibits the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction and has been used therapeutically in disorders characterized by muscle hyperactivity 20, 21.
BDNF haploinsufficient mice indeed exhibit mania-like behavior, including hyperactivity, increased aggressive behavior, and appetite (Kernie et al. 2000; Lyons et al. 1999).
Reduced predation avoidance behaviors can increase predation risk, whereas increased hyperactivity should increase encounter rates with predators (Skelly 1994).
