In this model, normal muscle function requires functional contractile muscle fibers, as well as the ability to activate fusion of myoblast satellite cells to regenerate injured muscle tissue and the ability of pre-synaptic neurons to form functional neuromuscular junctions (Fig. 4).
A fine balance between these mechanisms is essential for a full recovery of the contractile muscle function.
To determine whether the inhalation of ozone induced the release of a non-immunological mediator, or was directly modulating airway smooth muscle function rendering it more contractile; BAL fluid from mice exposed to ozone (6 ppm; 2 h; T = 0 h) or filtered air was incubated overnight on lung slices from naive mice.
After 1 hour of reperfusion, muscle function was examined in vitro by quantifying the contractile response to electric field stimulation of the muscles in an organ bath system.
Myobundles recapitulate key functional aspects of human skeletal muscle including a functioning contractile apparatus, responsive acetylcholine and β2-adrenergic receptors, and physiological calcium handling, all of which are involved in pharmacological side effects in humans (Bowes et al., 2012).
Modifications to crucial components of the contractile machinery, including MHC isoforms, play a significant role in muscle function.
IGF-1 helps improve muscle function by increasing production of muscle satellite cells as well as stimulating production of muscle contractile proteins.
Ca2 +-dependent signaling pathways are central regulators of differentiated vascular smooth muscle (VSM) contractile function.
Notably, several members of this gene set, such as Myh2, Myh3, Myod1 and Casq2, are associated with muscle differentiation, contractile function and repair.
However, it is not yet known how the plasma lipidome correlates with and influences the muscle lipidome, contractile function, and aging.
