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When engineering a skeletal muscle, one of the key points is to obtain the muscle fiber formation by aligning the cells.
Herein, we model the early stages of 3D vascularized muscle fiber formation in vitro using a sequential molding technique to investigate interactions between angiogenesis of endothelial cells and myogenesis of skeletal muscle cells.
In previous studies, we found that although the secondary muscle fiber formation took place later than the primary muscle fiber formation process, the two temporally overlapped at the beginning of secondary muscle fiber formation [17].
Primary muscle fiber formation begins at approximately 30 days following gestation.
It has been demonstrated in the pig that primary muscle fiber formation begins at approximately 30 days post-gestation and the secondary muscle fiber formation begins at about 50 to 60 days post-gestation [17].
The E33 and E65 highly expressed miRNA clusters may include miRNAs that play roles in the process of primary and secondary muscle fiber formation, respectively (Figure 3 E and D).
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Before the onset of muscle fibers formation from precursors, the thoracic dorsum is filled with fat body cells.
It is still unknown whether NO or a product of the iNOS/NO pathway compromises muscle integrity by affecting the expression of other key components, besides Jun-D and MyoD, involved in muscle fibers formation, maintenance or both.
These findings impact the available knowledge regarding muscle spindle fiber formation, myosin heavy chains development, and the feasibility of mimicking muscle development processes in vitro.
As a consequence, MLC phosphorylation enhances many contractile processes, such as, muscle contraction, stress fiber formation, focal adhesion, cell migration, and cytokinesis [6], [11].
Multiple mechanisms have been suggested based on animal studies including reduced skeletal muscle capillary formation, muscle fiber isoform switching, reduced glycogen synthase activity, and impaired insulin-induced glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) plasma membrane translocation [18] [21].
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muscle fiber loss
muscle fiber axon
muscle spindle formation
muscle fiber histology
muscle fiber action
muscle fiber hypertrophy
muscle fiber typing
muscle fiber morphology
muscle fiber area
muscle fiber plasticity
muscle fiber growth
muscle fiber wasting
muscle tissue formation
muscle fiber type
muscle progenitor formation
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