The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is an integral part of the motor unit and is composed of the nerve terminal (presynaptic component), synaptic cleft, and a specialized section of the muscle fiber membrane (postsynaptic component).
The extent of this specific adaptation is influenced by multiple factors, such as genetic predisposition, hormonal influences, the neural component, muscle fiber composition, characteristics of training (frequency, intensity and duration), and others [ 1, 3].
BTX changes the component of muscle fiber and morphology of the mandible at 1 month after injection [13, 14].
The combination of up-regulated myogenic regulatory factors and ECM components supports active muscle fiber fusions still occurring in the one-year-old skeletal muscle of the transgenic mice.
In skeletal muscle fibers, the core components of the DGC include dystrophin, the dystroglycans (α- and β-DG), the sarcoglycans (α-, β-, γ- and δ-SG), sarcospan (SSPN) and the syntrophins (for review 5).
This is highlighted by works of Savio-Galimberti et al. [ 3] examining the structural T-tubular network of rabbit heart muscle and Murphy et al. [ 4] indicating that T-tubular components are involved in muscle fiber architecture.
Autologous minced muscle grafts are capable of spontaneous de novo muscle fiber regeneration due to their composition of essential components to skeletal muscle regeneration, such as basal lamina and myogenic stem cells (Carlson 1972; Caldwell et al. 1990; Lepper et al. 2011).
not part of a smooth muscle fiber.
Accordingly, muscle fiber atrophy was apparent when we performed immunostaining for laminin, an important component of the extracellular matrix (i.e. the basement membrane) that individually surrounds the fibers.
In this work, cell seeded matrices promoted muscle fiber regeneration within the initial defect area, indicating that engineered constructs, including a cellular component, can improve the in vivo functional capacity of the injured musculature generating functional skeletal muscle fibers.
