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When myoblasts expressing the shRNA were induced to differentiate, the eIF3f-knockdown cells presented a defect in the muscle differentiation process, with a significant reduction of the fibers diameter and the expression of the MyHC (Figure 3A lane 5, Figures 3B and 3C).
Although this has previously been observed in chickens during myogenesis, the striking concordance of this gene exchange in mouse cells illustrates the similarly of the muscle differentiation process between morphologically distinct vertebrates at this stage of development [ 21].
Our observations suggest that although the encoded proteins are incorporated into different structures in muscle, the induction of the muscle differentiation process has limited impact on the expression program of many of the genes encoding these proteins.
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Since Notch signaling could inhibit muscle differentiation, a process in contrast with the effect of miR-1, miR-1-mediated repression of Notch signaling may contribute to the observed effects of miR-1 in mesenchymal stem cells.
Our hypothesis that PKD2 is the major isoform that is activated in the muscle stem cell differentiation process was further substantiated by immunoprecipitation of PKD2 followed by detection of PKD2 activation using the phospho-specific PKD antibody (Figure 3C).
Importantly, we identify a series of biological processes (spermatogenesis, muscle differentiation and several metabolic processes) that have been the likely target, direct or indirect, of artificial selection.
In addition to the factors already incorporated, many other signaling proteins have been implicated in the control of the smooth muscle and blood vessel differentiation process, most importantly FGF9 which blocks smooth muscle formation, induces Vegfa and enhances FGF10 production (Yi et al., 2009; White et al., 2006; del Moral et al., 2006b).
A combined analysis of connectivity and differential expression suggested three biological processes as being primarily different between breeds: spermatogenesis, muscle differentiation and several metabolic processes.
The Jun mRNA has been shown previously to interact with the Xenopus homolog of CUGBP1 (EDEN-BP; [32]) but the finding that CUGBP1 interacts with Smad7 and Rnd3 mRNAs is novel and quite intriguing as the proteins encoded by both these transcripts have been linked with the differentiation process in muscle [33], [34].
Muscle fibres form through a differentiation process characterized by the arrest in cell proliferation and synthesis of myosin (transition from myoblasts to myocytes) followed by syncytial fusion of myocytes that leads to polynucleated myotubes.
Muscle differentiation is a highly conserved process that occurs through the activation of quiescent satellite cells whose progeny proliferate, differentiate, and fuse to generate new myofibers.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com