Flow synchrony is defined as the ability of the ventilator to provide flow in accordance with patient demand as manifest by the ventilatory muscle contraction pattern.
In an electromyography study by Palmer and colleagues [ 5], sour lemon juice stimuli were shown to elicit stronger contraction of the suprahyoid musculature, as well as a muscle contraction pattern that was more tightly concatenated across the onsets of the mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and anterior belly digastric muscles compared to water.
The execution of specific behaviors relies on specialized motor programs, which generate specific spatial and temporal patterns of muscle contraction.
The main objective of the specific exercises is to restore the patterns of muscle contraction, improve movement of spinal muscles, and increase joint protection through muscle contraction.
More recently we used a similar approach to create a morphologically accurate FE model of knee joint development [30], indicating that the tempero-spatial pattern of mechanical stimuli generated in the distal femur by muscle contraction corresponds with aspects of the pattern of shape changes and with differential rates of cell proliferation in the femoral condyles.
The higher information capacity offered by precisely timed firing patterns is likely to be exploited by the nervous system, given that neurons are sensitive to the exact timing of applied stimuli [13], [14], and muscle contraction depends upon the temporal pattern of activity of its innervating motoneurons [15], [16].
Electrophysiological studies as well as the pattern of muscle contraction suggest that the center for the hiccup reflex is entirely separate from the pathways involved in rhythmic breathing 6.
Every muscular dysfunction, whether incorrect lingual posture (e.g. low tongue position, tongue thrusting, abnormal swallowing patterns) or perioral muscle contraction, can generate abnormal dentoalveolar changes[26 31].
Surface EMG showed a typical prolonged muscle co-contraction pattern during gait, which was more evident in modular prosthetic patients.
