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In the muscle contraction module, both DMD and DTNA were significantly down-regulated.
Nonetheless, the CePPIs of muscle contraction module in DCM were quite different from that in non-DCM (see Figure 5A, scatter plot), suggesting that genes in the muscle contraction module changed their associated partners between non-DCM and DCM.
In the muscle contraction module, three SDEGs, DMD, DTNA and UTRN, form a closed loop, implying topological significance.
Based on these results, we proposed a hypothesis to explain how the muscle contraction module affects DCM progression.
Therefore, the muscle contraction module would have been omitted if the transcriptomic data were not integrated into the interactome data to study the condition-specific PPIs or CePPIs.
Although the muscle contraction module was not significantly differentially expressed and activated in both DCM and non-DCM, it was still discovered by our method due to its diverse CePPIs between DCM and non-DCM.
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Pathways involved in transcription and its regulation are enriched in module 0. Cell surface interaction and muscle contraction pathways are enriched in module 1. Signaling pathways are enriched in modules 2, 3 and 4. NOTCH signaling, DNA replication and DNA replication are enriched in modules 5 and 7. Pathways of cell division are enriched in module 6.
These changes in the muscle contraction and organ morphogenesis modules may hold some clues to the progression of DCM.
By applying the proposed analysis to DCM and non-DCM CePINs, two functional modules; muscle contraction and organ morphogenesis, were specifically revealed for DCM, as shown in Figure 2. Table 4 shows the information of the network structure, hypergeometric test results, and classification accuracy of these two modules, respectively.
Our findings in DCM-related modules of muscle contraction and organ morphogenesis were consistent with the known symptoms of cadiomyopathy.
Interestingly, the functional overlap (GO annotation: regulation of muscle contraction) emerges in a pair of modules, one of which is highly expressed in the heart and lung in human, while the other is actively expressed in the skeletal muscle, tongue and trachea in mouse.
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