Sympathetic innervation exerts marked effects on vascular smooth muscle cells, including a short-term homeostatic (vasoconstrictor) and a direct trophic action promoting differentiation.
Mechanosensor-based targeting of membrane stiffness provokes 13 proteins involved in the differentiation of embryonic muscle cells, including galectin-1, annexin III, RhoGD I, and FAK phosphorylation (Grossi et al., 2011).
According to our previous organ culture study, chronic treatment with Y-27632 protects almost all functional integrities of both endothelial and smooth muscle cells, including excitatory agonist-induced contraction and ACh-induced relaxation (Huh et al. 2011).
Immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated that wild type rat MSCs express markers specific for stem cells, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells including Thy-1, c-Kit, von Willebrand Factor and α-smooth muscle actin.
Vitamin D receptors (VDR, mediating the genomic hormonal actions) are expressed in endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes and vascular smooth muscle cells, including those in the coronary arteries [4], [5].
PGC-1α activates mitochondrial-related gene expression in skeletal muscle cells, including ATP synthase and cytochrome c, which are important components of the electron transport chain, as well as SOD2 and GPx1, which are involved in ROS metabolism [6].
Activators of Nox4 transcription in smooth muscle cells include urokinase, plasminogen activator, angiotensin-II, TGF- β1 and TNF- α.
A transgenic line with P myo-3 ::gfp (pPD118.20) was used as a control; images of this show GFP localization throughout the muscle cell, including the nucleus, which is as expected since GFP enters the nucleus in the absence of an NLS due to its small size.
Several centrosome proteins in non-muscle cells, including centrin and gamma-tubulin, are known to repartition between both a soluble, cytoplasmic pool, and an insoluble, centrosome-bound pool [16] [17].
As it relates to muscle, Sca-1 is expressed by many muscle stem cells including: muscle-derived stem cells (Jankowski et al., 2002; Qu-Petersen et al., 2002), mesoangioblasts (Cossu and Bianco, 2003), side population cells (Gussoni et al., 1999; Jackson et al., 1999), and myosphere stem cells (Sarig et al., 2006; Westerman et al., 2010).
Interestingly, alphavbeta5 is also a molecular marker for skeletal muscle mononuclear cells, including satellite and progenitor interstitial cells [ 79].
