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Because fat and muscle cells develop from the same set of precursor cells, graduate student Sarah Ross, cell biologist Ormond MacDougald, and their colleagues at the University of Michigan Medical School wondered if Wnt signaling might also play a role in the maturation of adipocytes.
As different types of cells, such as brain, liver, fat or muscle cells, develop, they will express different genes; or they will express the same genes, but at different times and in different amounts.
In culture, vascular smooth muscle cells develop a proliferative phenotype that is more reminiscent of cells contributing to vascular remodelling than the contractile phenotype of fully differentiated cells (Schwartz et al., 1986).
Li et al. showed that type-2 vulval muscle cells develop muscle arms when their neighbors type-1 vulval muscle cells aneighbors type-1lial cells—produce enough ligand to activulvalhe LIN-12 Notch receptor on the type-2 vulval muscle cells.
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L1 muscle cells developed 1 to 2 wide cytoplasmic processes, while L4 muscle cells developed 4 to 14 processes of various thicknesses.
Furthermore, isolated L4 muscle cells developed more cellular processes than L1 derived muscle cells.
L4 muscle cells developed bands of myosin heavy chain A thick filaments at the cell center and spontaneously contracted ex vivo.
Observations from 3 independent cell isolations showed that L1 muscle cells developed from 1 to 2 wide processes with an average of 1.48±0.08 (n = 301) processes per cell, while L4 muscle cells developed an average of 8.4±1.0 (n = 45) processes of various thicknesses per cell (Figure 5C).
Studies in genetically modified animals over-expressing (P RR suggest a direct role for (P RR cardiovascular and renal pathologies since rats over-expressing (P RR in vascular smooth-muscle cells develop high blood pressure and those with an ubiquitous over-expression of (P RR have glomerulosclerosis and proteinuria.
This restores rhythmic calcium ion cycling in the cytoplasm and enables the heart muscle cells to develop regular rhythms of contraction and relaxation.
Somatic muscles and the cardiac cells develop from specialized progenitors (Carmena et al., 1995; Carmena et al., 1998; Ward and Skeath, 2000).
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