The clavicles (collarbones) are either reduced or absent entirely and, if present, are usually embedded in muscles without articulation with other bones.
From our understanding, palaeontologists specialise on certain areas like the brain, leg muscles and articulation, using skeletal fossils and computer software, so very rarely does a physical model come into play.
This in turn connects with brainstem nuclei that innervate the muscles of articulation and phonation.
ADSD also is diagnostically differentiated from dyasarthria, in which the muscles of articulation also exhibit movement abnormalities affecting speech, but with which it may co-occur.
Functional neuroimaging studies in conjunction with cytoarchitectural studies suggest that BA 44 'may subserve an end-stage articulatory function, perhaps assisting in control over the muscles of articulation' (Keller et al., 2009, p. 32) as well as syntactic processing, whereas BA 45 is more involved with semantic processing (see Keller et al., 2009 for review).
Dysarthria can affect any of the muscles involved in speech production, including the muscles used for articulation or pronunciation (such as muscles in the lips, tongue, or jaw) as well as the muscles controlling nasality, phonation, and respiration.
Altering the muscle mass, angle of articulation, impact area, and stopping time affected the results more than altering bone mass and impact site.
Dysphagia and dysarthria: dysphagia is a difficulty with eating and swallowing which may cause choking and aspiration of food or liquid into the lungs, while dysarthria is a neurological motor speech disorder characterized by poor control over the subsystems and muscles responsible for speech ("articulation").
No crest is visible below the prominent dorsal muscle insertion of the proximal articulation surface.
A small but distinct crest lies below the prominent dorsal muscle insertion of the proximal articulation surface.
