Such animals are also highly susceptible to viral pathogens such as murine CMV (cytomegalovirus) due to uncontrolled systemic virus replication (Tabeta et al., 2006).
Members of the CEACAM group also serve as receptors of several bacterial and viral pathogens, such as the murine hepatitis virus, Haemophilus influenza, Neisseria meningitides, and N. gonorrhea, which bind CEACAM proteins via their N-terminal IgV-like domain (Bos et al. 1999; Virji et al. 1999, 2000; Villullas et al. 2007).
This has been shown for the DNA viruses vaccinia virus (VACV) and murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) (Rathinam et al, 2010) as well as upon infection with bacterial pathogens such as Francisella tularensis (Fernandes-Alnemri et al, 2010; Rathinam et al, 2010), Listeria monocytogenes (Kim et al, 2010) and certain Legionella pneumophila strains (Ge et al, 2012).
In the murine model, induction of Th1/Th17 cells by CX3CR1+ DCs initiates the host defence against intestinal pathogens, such as Salmonella [40].
This work demonstrates the novel finding that GC-C signaling is an essential component of host defense during murine enteric infection by reducing bacterial load and preventing systemic dissemination of attaching/effacing-lesion forming bacterial pathogens such as C. rodentium.
Our observations that deficiency of CD36 reduces the susceptibility of mice in vivo and of murine macrophages in vitro to mycobacterial infection are novel and somewhat unexpected, given the roles of CD36 in host defense against pathogens such as S. aureus and other bacteria[ 30, 32], as well as P. falciparum[ 33].
However, there are many pathogens, such as mold, that proliferate in higher humidity conditions.
Many plant pathogens such as Enterobacter spp., Pythium spp., and Fusarium spp. can be transmitted by irrigation water.
Proteobacteria encompass many important human pathogens such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and others.
Damaging pathogens such as the pinewood nematode and lappet moth in Europe could affect UK trees.
