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Murine models represent a necessary tool in cancer research.
Although most trypanosomes cannot be considered natural pathogens for rodents, murine models represent excellent tools to study trypanosome biology and their interaction with the mammalian immune response.
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The modeling of human disease in vivo through the use of murine models represents a powerful, indispensable tool for investigating the immune and genetic mechanisms contributing to a clinical disease phenotype.
Potentially different behavior of hemopexin in mice and humans may be important to consider when utilizing murine models to represent acute human inflammatory diseases in which heme plays a role.
Notwithstanding these difficulties, murine models can represent useful tools for target validation and proof-of-concept studies for novel tumour-specific antigens.
EAM-induced heart failure murine models, which represent a Th17 T cell-mediated postinflammatory heart disease [ 19], have been widely used to study the molecular and cellular basis of myocarditis pathogenesis [ 7].
The knockin models represent faithfully the HD mutation carried by patients as elongated polyglutamine tracts are placed within the correct context of the murine Hdh gene.
A transgenic murine model that represents human metastatic breast disease in both its pathology and development of metastasis has previously been established by mating MMTV- neu transgenic mice with S100A4 transgenic mice (Davies et al, 1996).
Murine models may therefore represent an imperfect model of CD28 function in humans, with its more restrictive expression patterns on naïve and central memory CD4+ and CD8+ cells.
Therefore, we have confirmed this gene target in three separate murine models of cachexia representing both acute and chronic inflammatory insults.
In models representing less advanced disease, re-expression of PTEN in PTEN null murine cells did not affect AR expression, but upregulated the AR transcriptional activity [ 34].
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