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Murine models are commonly used to investigate bone healing and test new treatments before human trials.
Murine models are useful tools to study lymphomagenesis and disease progression, as well as potential treatment in a pre-clinical setting.
While murine models are powerful tools to study pregnancy and maternal-fetal immune interactions, in contrast to human placental exosomes, the content of murine placental and pregnancy exosomes remains largely understudied.
Collectively, murine models are critical in drug development, but require a rational and hierarchical approach beginning with toxicology and pharmacology studies, progressing to human primary tumors to identify therapeutic targets and models of metastatic disease from resected orthotopic, primary tumors to compare drugs using rigorous, clinically relevant outcome parameters.
This point is essential since although murine models are very different from humans due to their own evolutionary specificities, when it comes to shock or its treatment, the persistence of fundamental responses shared by all mammals must be acknowledged.
Murine models are a major and frequently employed tool for investigating mechanisms of liver disease.
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From 1950s to 1970s syngeneic murine models were used.
Adoptive transfer of these TILs to murine models was shown to lead to regression in lung and liver tumors (Rosenberg et al., 1986).
The correlation of high RANK expression with osteotropism in murine models was demonstrated across diverse tumor cell types, including breast cancer and melanoma [29].
However, the use of murine models is restricted by costs, the requirement of specialized facilities and personnel, legal requirements and ethical considerations.
Another marker, described to be indicative of stemness in MDB murine models, is CD15 [ 30].
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