This result represents the fastest and most substantial regression of atherosclerosis seen in a murine model after reduction in plasma cholesterol.
ZD6126 (Angiogene Pharmaceuticals, Oxford, UK) is a vascular disrupting agent shown to induce extensive central tumour necrosis in a wide range of murine models 24 h after a single dose of 200 mg kg−1 (Blakey et al, 2002a, 2002b; Davis et al, 2002).
For instance, trafficking in murine models can usually only be assessed after sacrificing the animal for tissue sectioning or extraction.
In our initial analysis of infected monocytes [8] we found an up-regulation of IFNγ, a cytokine shown to confer host protection in murine models [24], [25], [26] and found after infections in humans and mice [27], [28], [29], although the strain of mice may be important [30] as well as route of infection [31].
In this network NF-κB is a central hub molecule whose expression is not changed at the mRNA level, but which is known to be activated after MI in murine models [ 28] and in the failing human heart [ 65].
We recently demonstrated that TGF-β and wingless-type integration site family, member 5A (WNT5activationion are also important mechanisms involved in lung fibrosis after MV in murine models of acute lung injury and VILI [ 10, 13, 14].
In contrast, recruitment of CTLs to tumours in previously published murine models was imaged for example only after 24 hours post-injection of 10 × 10 CTL 8. Also, in a clinical study where DCs were injected intranodally, In-labelled DCs were detected after 3 days and this was correlated with immune activation of T and B cells as these cells were activated and proliferated.
However, there are only a few murine models that robustly recapitulate these phenomena, especially after relatively short times (<6 months) of disease development [2], [11], [29], [42].
The same group also has shown a modification of inflammatory gene expression after RIPC in both murine models and humans.
Similarly, in 2006, Tsarfaty et al. imaged c-MET activation in vivo indirectly by microbubble contrast medium (CM) ultrasound imaging after administration of HGF in murine models.
