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Lineage tracing studies using transgenic mouse models have provided significant insight into the dynamics of murine intestinal stem cells, but the significance of these findings for the human intestine has remained in question.
Schneeberger and colleagues demonstrated that organoid cultures of murine intestinal stem cells might serve a useful tool to test future therapies for MVID [19].
Moreover, Apc deletion within the murine intestinal stem cells (ISCs) results in rapid adenoma formation suggesting they can act as cells of origin in CRC (Barker et al, 2009).
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Expression of TLR-4 in Lgr5-positive murine small intestinal stem cells has also been reported 35.
These results suggest that LGR5-positive cells in the intestine are true intestinal stem cells and that LGR5 regulates intestinal stem cell differentiation in mouse.
We next subjected these data to a quantitative analysis, using a parallel approach to that developed to study stem cell dynamics in the murine intestinal crypt (Lopez-Garcia et al, 2010).
Rizvi and colleagues provided evidence that murine BMDCs restore murine intestinal tissue in a long term repopulation fashion suggesting that BMDCs have fused with intestinal stem and/or progenitor cells [ 29].
Immunohistochemical staining of murine jejunum crypts showed a significant increase in the number of Lgr5-expressing intestinal stem cells at crypt columnar base in the AdRspo1-treated mice (Fig. 8).
We have shown that the clonal evolution of human intestinal stem cells is a neutral process that mimics that observed in the murine crypt, and also inferred that human crypts house a similarly small number of functional stem cells to their murine counterparts (Kozar et al., 2013), despite the total number of cells being 10-fold greater in human crypts.
Moreover, loss of TLR-4 in murine intestinal epithelial cells has been shown to lead to goblet cell differentiation, probably via suppression of Notch signalling in stem cells 36.
Intestinal stem cells provide a new lining for the gut.
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