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Basically these designs implied either a divider directly, or a multiplier by finding the inverse of the divisor and multiplying the inverse by the dividend.
The shakedown solutions incorporating to the three-dimensional finite element model calculated shakedown multiplier by means of a self-equilibrated critical residual stress field.
Figure 9 Graph to implement the multiplier by 11,467 with five A -operations and the minimum A -depth equal to 3. Since we have L A,c = L d,c = 3, with the current lower bounds one can assume that the three A-operations necessary to meet the minimum A-depth might be sufficient to implement the constant multiplier by 11,467.
A graph with four A-operations that implements the multiplier by 11,467, based on the 'Leapfrog' Cost-4 Graph No. 10 of Appendix A of [13], is shown in Figure 8. Figure 8 Graph with four A -operations to implement the multiplier by 11,467.
A decomposition of a product's impact multiplier by product answers the question: What are the life cycle impacts of those products that are directly used in the production of a good or service?
A decomposition of a product's impact multiplier by industry answers the question: How large is the impact from one particular industry involved in all of the production steps of this particular product?
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We normalize the backward multipliers by dividing the multiplier of each sector j by the average multiplier for all sectors in the economy, B ¯ = ∑ i, j b i j / n 2, in order to get B ⋅ j N = B ⋅ j / B ¯.
Most notably, the IMF has responded to the actual experience of austerity by conceding that it was probably underestimating fiscal multipliers by a factor of about 3.
Along the way, Bernstein mentions the Blanchard-Leigh (pdf) analysis of multipliers, in which these IMF economists admit that the Fund failed to appreciate how much damage austerity would do because it underestimated multipliers by about two-thirds.
Using the traditional multipliers by which courts put a price on lost lives -- e.g., annual compensation times lost earning years -- a young stockbroker's family will obviously receive far more than, say, the wife of a middle-aged janitor.
Fig. 2 Example decomposition of total impact multipliers by industry (matrix (mathbf{M}^{i})).
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