We stick to multiplicative alternatives, which are closer related to Ma alternatives.
Similarly, it is easy to show that Arma(p k, q) and Arma p, q k) multiplicative alternatives are also locally equivalent.7 Finally, we could also consider (multiplicative) seasonal alternatives.
We also examine the effects of alternative (multiplicative) fitness landscapes on our estimates of Ne.
Although alternative additive-multiplicative models of risk could be developed by considering other functions for the multiplicative component (e.g. exp), we have focused on the expit function because of its mathematical advantages.
Because of the expit function, the lexpit model will require fewer constraints than alternative additive-multiplicative models to produce feasible estimates in the 0 1 probability range.
Besides EM, we derive alternative algorithms with multiplicative update rules (MUR) and alternating projections.
A ratio, or relative difference, of 1.1 between two alternatives implies a 10% multiplicative difference with respect to how the alternatives meet a given objective at the next level above in the hierarchy.
As with the ratio system by replacing the subjective significance coefficient with the combination of subjective significance coefficient with Shannon's entropy ( {w}_j^{ast } ), the extended reference point approach, the extended full multiplicative form and the optimal alternative rankings of proposed methods are respectively achieved by calculating Eqs.
Based on previous studies in sensory systems, two alternative neural mechanisms, multiplicative increase in neural gain [1] [16] vs. enhanced feature selectivity of the neurons in sensory cortices [17] [21], have been suggested to underlie selective attention.
A more flexible alternative is a multiplicative model, where each G × E effect is modelled as the product of a genotypic score and an environmental score.
