Sentence examples for multiple virus species from inspiring English sources

Although NP is known to be the most, at least one of the most, stable proteins encoded by −ssRNA virus during their proliferation cycle, significant structural shift can be observed in various stages among multiple virus species (Zhou et al., 2013).

In addition, multiple viruses were detected in the pollen loads, although the percentage of pollen loads with multiple virus species was significantly less compared to the foragers.

Notably, multiple virus species were found co-infecting non-Apis hymenopteran pollinators as well as honey bees in this study, which corroborate many reports of multiple viral co-infections in honey bees throughout the world [15], [18], [45], [46].

Such inter-virus gene exchange can be achieved by illegitimate or homologous recombination [ 60- 62] occasionally leading to the fusion of two viral genomes [ 63], or with the aid of mobile elements [ 64] upon co-infection of a cell by multiple virus species.

To further understand its complex epidemiology, which involves multiple virus serotypes and host species, we characterized the viruses recovered from FMD outbreaks in Ethiopia during 1981 2007.

Filoviruses, which comprise 4 Ebola viruses pathogenic to humans and 1 Marburg virus species, have caused multiple outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever primarily in central and eastern Africa (13, 14 ).

These Marburg virus positive bats represent the first naturally infected non-primate animals ever identified, and this is the first report of any Marburg virus activity in Gabon, a region of Africa recently hit by multiple outbreaks of the highly pathogenic Ebola virus (species Zaire) [14].

The capacity of the multiplex RT-qPCR assay in detecting the viruses was compared to singleplex RT-qPCR designed specifically for each virus and was assessed using multiple virus isolates from diverse geographical regions and citrus species as well as graft-inoculated citrus plants infected with various combination of the three viruses.

Based on a detailed survey of the interaction of non-coevolved plant and virus species, it appears that host and pathogen genotypes contain multiple alleles that interact in a quantitative fashion to determine the level of resistance or susceptibility.

Based upon analysis of multiple influenza sequence alignments, pan-influenza virus RT-PCR primer sets were developed that were capable of amplifying all three influenza virus species (A, B, and C) and subtypes (HxNy) from different animal hosts (e.g., human, avian, and swine) and distinguishing essential molecular features using base composition signatures.

Additionally, several OPXV species are zoonotic, including Cowpox virus, Monkeypox virus, and some vaccinia-like virus species.