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Intracellular bacterial pathogens forge a specialized niche by delivering multiple virulence effectors into the cell that subvert trafficking events and alter vacuole positioning (Salcedo and Holden, 2005).
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The T3S injectisome is a syringe-shaped macromolecular complex that facilitates the direct delivery of bacterial virulence effectors to the host-cell cytoplasm.
The internal channel formed by the injectisome allows for the direct delivery of partially unfolded virulence effectors into the host cytoplasm1.
Filamentous plant pathogen genomes tend to harbor large repertoires of genes encoding virulence effectors that modulate host plant processes.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infects every type of host that has been examined by deploying multiple virulence factors.
It mediates multiple virulence activities by mimicking the plant stress hormone jasmonoyl-l-isoleucine.
The 250 sequenced bacterial isolates were characterized in mutation rates, morphology, motility and secretion of virulence effectors.
Thus, a signaling cascade by which coronatine confers its multiple virulence activities has been elucidated.
Bacterial pathogens use various protein secretion systems to deliver virulence effectors into hosts to cause diseases.
It allows bacteria to inject virulence effectors into eukaryotic host cells [8].
The other evolved to recognize pathogen virulence effectors, usually through intracellular resistance proteins (R proteins), causing effector-triggered immunity (ETI).
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