Sentence examples for multiple viral subtypes from inspiring English sources

The world-wide HIV epidemic is characterized by increasing genetic diversity with multiple viral subtypes, circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) and unique recombinant forms (URFs).

However, the demonstration of this divergence in our results calls into question the use of the term "broadly neutralizing" to describe certain mAbs, when the use of the term is based solely on the ability of the mAb to neutralize multiple viral subtypes.

However, this difference is most likely due to a limitation of cell-based assays: even when multiple viral subtypes infect a cell, usually, only one subtype persists and replicates [ 5, 17, 18].

These findings indicate that dual and recombinant infections are emerging as an integral part of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Brazil and emphasize the heterogenous character of epidemics emerging in countries where multiple viral subtypes coexist.

The authors argue that this demonstrates the feasibility of using their technique as a vaccine platform that can simultaneously provide immunization against multiple viruses or viral subtypes.

The threat posed by emerging strains of influenza is unpredictable and varies among countries, as evidenced by the recent swine origin H1N1 pandemic, highlighting the need for improved vaccines that can confer broad protection against multiple viral strains and various influenza A subtypes.

The presence of multiple viral strains within a host permits inter- and intra-subtype recombination, which increases global HIV diversification [5], [21], [22], [27] [29].

Therefore, based on analysis of samples collected within 50 days p/s we estimate that the frequency of heterosexual transmission of a single viral variant in HIV-1 subtype C infection ranges from 64% to 68%, and that transmission of multiple viral variants ranges from 32% to 36% of HIV-1C infections.

The presence of multiple viral variants can produce HIV-1 recombinant strains that contain sequences either from different genetic subtypes (intersubtype recombination) or different viruses within the same subtype (intrasubtype recombination).

This enables rapid prototyping and adaptation of the system to newly emerging targets such as pathogenic bacterial or viral subtypes.

Influenza A viral subtypes, including Spanish influenza H1N1, the current pandemic H1N1 viruses, and influenza A viral subtype HPAI H5N1, are catastrophic pathogens for humans [4], [11] [14].