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HCMV vaccine has emerged as an effective approach to prevent HCMV infection particularly for the development of multiple viral antigens vaccination and human leukocyte antigen (HLA -restricted polyepitope tecHLA -restricted
Considering the difficulty in predicting HPAI H5N1 pandemic strains, one strategy used in their design includes the development of formulations with the capacity of eliciting broad cross-protective immunity against multiple viral antigens.
Targeting multiple viral antigens, in this case NP and M2, clearly has advantages over using a single antigen.
This is specifically useful in situations of chronic infection where antigen-specific effector cells are in limiting numbers that preclude detailed analyses requiring stimulation with multiple viral antigens.
Recent studies on the immune regulation of HCMV in healthy virus carriers and transplant patients have clearly indicated that long-term protection from viral pathogenesis is critically dependent on the induction of cellular immunity which is directed towards multiple viral antigens expressed during different stages of HCMV infection [12], [13], [14], [15], [17].
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In addition, multiple other viral antigens including VP2, VP6, NSP2 and NSP4 are thought to be important in rotavirus immunity.
Influenza-specific CD8+ T cells recognize multiple viral epitopes on target cells and antigen-presenting cells.
Transfer of recombinant antigen-specific T cell receptors (TCR) and chimaeric antigen receptors (CARs) against tumour and viral antigens are under investigation by multiple approaches, including viral- and nonviral-mediated gene transfer into both autologous and allogeneic T cell populations.
For instance, the immunodominance hierarchy of individual viral antigens (particularly for EBV-encoding RNAs) and the crosstalk among multiple signaling pathways activated by EBV should be addressed.
Specifically, the way in which hematopoietic cell grafts alter antigen specific immune responses to allo-, ando- and viral antigens.
This study demonstrates the ability of a viral miRNA to regulate multiple viral genes.
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